Boiler cleaner



March 19, 1935. N, SNQW Er AL .1,995,133

BOILER CLEANER Filed Jan. 24, 1930 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 5MM WMMUM y ATTORNEY 5 March 19, 1935. N, 1 SNOW Er AL 1,995,133

BOILER CLEANER Filed Jan. 24, 1930 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 i j? v A/l/or/Ww s h/z l//XJ 7702135 ATTORNEYS March 19, 1935. N l SNOW Er AL 1,995,133

BOILER CLEANER Filed Jan. 24, 1930 sheets-sheet 3 f of wmvfw I ATTORNEY March 19, 1935.

N. L. SNOW El AL BOILER CLEANER Filed Jan. 24, 1950 4 shs-Sheet 4 will w www www 6./7 6.] www ATTORN EYS Patented Mar. 19, 1935 BOILER CLEANER u Norman L. Snow, New Canaan, Conn., and Willis P. Thomas, Detroit, Mich.,

assignors to` t I,

Diamond vPower Specialty Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Michigan Application January `2,14,` 1930, Serial No. 423,140` 14 claims. VA(ci. 122-392) This -invention relates to boiler cleaners and' has particular reference to a boiler cleaner adaptedto discharge cleaning fluid adjacent the portions of the boilerto be cleaned. Y

One object of this invention is to provide a boiler cleaner of the above mentioned character which will include a blower element having a plu`' rality of discharge openings and means associated -n with this blower element for controlling the flow l0 'of cleaning nuid through said openingsaccording to a predetermined-desired sequence. l

A further object of jthis invention is-to provide a boiler cleaner -of the yabove mentioned character v-which will include a blower element' 'having means for effecting. a circulation of a cooling fiuid through the blower element during the periods when the blower element is not operating to discharge jets of cleaning fluid adjacent the portions of the boiler to be cleaned.

together with the numerous novel details of construction thereof,fwill become more apparent as the following description proceeds, particularly" when reference is had to the accompanying draw--v ings wherein n s Figure 1 is -a sectional View through a boiler showingra blower element constructed in accord-l ance with the teachings of this invention, mounted in the same.

Figure 2 is a sectional viewtaken substantially on the line 2-2 of Figure 1.

Figure 3 isa horizontal sectional* View taken ating mechanism adapted to be subst1tuted for a j Covered at a time whereby au of the cleaning fluid portion of the structure shown in Figure 4.

Figure 6 is a longitudinal sectional View through a slightly modied form lof blower element.A Y Figure 7 is a fragmentary `view similar to Figure 6 showing a still further form which the blower element may assume.

as shown in Figure '7 mounted in theY same.

Figure 9 is a fragmentary sectional View Other objects and advantages of this invention,

'Figure 8 is av semi-diagrammatic sectionalview through a boiler showing a blower element formed' Figure 10 is a sectional view taken' on'the line: 10-10 of Figure 9. l Figure 11 is a View similar to Figure 9 showing v a lstill further form which the valve mayfass'ume. s u

Figure 12 is a sectional view taken on the'line:- 5-

12-12 of Figure 11. l p v Figure 13 is a'view similar toFigure 9 showing a still further form of valve. l

Figure 1471s a horizontal sectional View taken n substantially on the line 14-14 of Figure 13, and f 10 Figure 15 is a sectional view taken' substan-l` tially on the line 15-'15 -of Figure 13.

Referring `vthen.l particularly to the drawings wherein like reference characters designate cor-L,l responding parts throughout all Views, thereis,` 15' shown in Figure 1 a boiler designated generallyv by the reference ycharacter20v, this boiler includingaj boiler wall 21 provided with an openingf22, 'A blower element 23 projects'through this opening I and` isfprovided with a plurality* of dischargego openings 24 for directing jets'oiv cleaningilulidvj adjacent the portions of the b'oilerto'bel cle'ariedgfr such for example as the tubes 25.

Heretofore it has been customary lcleaning uid to a blower element of this chara-r '25V' ter and to permit this cleaning fluid to be" simultaneously` discharged from all of the discharge@ openings thereof whereby cleaning flui'dfi's 'dis-fl charged vfrom the blower element inthe formf: j

a'plurality of spaced jets. In operating a blowerjao element in this manner, none lof the'jets Aare par# j ticularly powerful in View of the fact thatk the;

supply of cleaning fluid to the blower elementisf,

limited by the size of the supply pipe and-of, thefy' blower element and this limited supply.mu`s`tfbe1z-25` distributed between all of the jets which are jdis= charging at the same time; The present invert--l I tion contemplates the eliminationV of this yobjection by providing means for closing the discharge* openings 24 to prevent the discharge of clean- 40 ing iiuid through theseopening's, the arrange' ment being such rthat one discharge'opening'isun#- in theV blower element is discharged inthe form of a single powerful jet rather than in the'form of: 45 a plurality of less powerful jets. Thus the openings 24 may be successively uncovered according.'` to a predetermined desired `sequence so thatff4 cleaning uid may be discharged lfrom the blower* element inthe form rof a single powerful jet from any v"one of a plurality'of spacedpoints through-f' out the length of the blower element, f f

To accomplish the above resultsnthere is prof"v vided a valve strip 26 arrangedy longitudinallyl within the blower element, this valve "strip being arcuate in cross section to snugly engage the inner periphery of the blower element, as clearly shown in Figure 2 of the drawings. 'I'he valve strip 26 is preferably flexible and is therefore held against the inner periphery of' the blower element adjacent the discharge openings therein by the pressure of the cleaning uid when clean-v ing fluid is supplied to the blower element, For holding :the valve strip in position when the supplyof cleaning fluid to the blower element is cut olf, pins 27 are preferably provided, these pins extending transversely of the blower elementl at spaced points and forming bearings for thevalve Stripl '1 v 4,

As clearly illustrated in Figure' of the drawings, the valve strip is preferably provided throughout its length with a plurality of openings 28 adapted upon longitudinal movement of the valve stripto successively register with the discharge .openings 24. 'Ihe arrangement is such that the Vopenings 24 W-illbeuncovered in accordance with a predetermined desired sequence sothattthe jets o f cleaning iluid will lbe discharged from predetermined spaced points throughout the length of the blowervelement according tofadesired order. `As illustrated',y the openings 24 may be equally spaced throughout the length of the blower element, While the openings 28 maylalso. be equally spaced throughoututhe length of the valve strip, the openings 28, however, being lspaced closer to each other than are the openings 24.

Thus, as illustrated in Figure 3 of the.` drawings, J Awhenthe `openings .are arrangedl in this manner,

at any given position of the` valve strip, oneof the openings28a therein will be spaced one step from one of the openings A241?, While the next openin'g 28b of the valve strip will be spacedtwo steps from the opening v24b of the blowerelement. VTheV remaining openings in ythe valve Vstrip will be l spaced 3*-4, etc., steps from their respective' 'i openings in the blower element, as will be 'readily Thus upon movement of .the valve strip tothe left, as viewed in Figure 3, openingl 28e will rst yregister with port 24a, whileopening ...28h will be moved one step closer to opening 24h, `the ren'iainingy openings inthe valve'strip being in each. case'moved one step. toward or away from l apparenttheir coaeting openings in the blower-element. Thus upona second movement ofthe valve, str-ip,

opening 28a will. be moved one stepbeyond` open-v ing 24a., while opening 28b will bey moved toregistrationwith `opening 24h. rIl'heopenings, 24 in the l blower element will thus be uncoveredsuccessively throughout the length of the blower element to ,permit cleaning ii-uid to be Ydischarged vfromthe -blower element from successive points through-` outythe '1ength`thereof- A i The blower element 23 may bestationary within. the boiler, or vif desired, this blowerv element may be mounted -forl rotation orfor oscillation` in a mannerkwhich willhereinafter he more fully broughtout. There is also provided a rod 29 Welded or otherwise` secured as at 30 to the end of the valve strip and projecting toa point eX- y teriorly ofthe boiler wall toprovide means for eecting .a longitudinal movement'll-of Ythe .valve strip and a registration of theports therein with the in the blower. elementas above brought out.

Whichmay be associated with the blower element above describedffor. supplying cleaning fluid to thisblower ele-ment; and for effecting a .rotation or oscillation thereof. head is designatedgen i kerallyby the yreference character 35, and includes.

with the usual practice.

In. Figure Ythere.fistdisclosed Aone typer o'fUhead t a goose-neck 36 connected to a cleaning fluid supply pipe 37. A swivel tube 38 is coupled to the blower element and is journaled as at 39 within the upper end of the goose-neck.

Fixed as at 40 to the goose-neck, is a bracket 4l which at its upper end is tied by a rod 42 to a bracket 43l formed on the upper` end of the goose-neck. Al sheave wheel 44 is rotatably mounted on this tie rod land is adapted to be rotated by a suitable chain 45 in accordance A pinion 46 fixed to rotate with the sheave wheel meshes with a gear 47 xed to the swivel tube whereby rotation ofthe sheave `wheel eiiects a rotation of the between the teeth on the gear wheel 47 may be closed to f .form stops limiting rotation of the gear wheel to a predetermined arc, thus limiting rotation or" the blower element to a predetermined arc and compelling-oscillation of thesame.

For ycontrolling fthe supplyv of'clean ing fluid to Athe blower element there may be provided a valve 50 having a stem 5l. A cam 52 xed to the .faceof the gear 47'engages a trigger 53 pivoted on the goose-neck, this triggerbeing in turn connected to the valve stem 51 whereby the valve is periodically actuated upon rotation or oscillation of the blower element. k

For actuatingthe valve strip the rod` 29 lmay be extended vthrougl'i the swivel'tube and through a packed bearing 55 formed in the upper end of the; goose-neck 36. Rotatably mounted on the projecting end of the rod 29 is a sleeve 56, this sleeve'being held against longitudinal movement on this rod by the nuts 57 and 58 which engage its opposite ends. Supported in spaced relation tothe end vof thegoose-.neck as by the arms 59 is a bearing bracket 60which supports a suitable shaft 61on which is mounted a pinion 62 which engages teeth 63 formed on the upper face of sleeve 56. i, `A hand wheel 64 lfixed to the shaft 6l provides means for' rotating this shaft and for/effecting fa longitudinal movement. of the sleeve 56 and valve strip as will be readily apparent. .If `desired-suitable indicia r(not shown) mayA beplaced on the hub of the .hand wheel and on thebearingv bracket 60 to indicate sufiicient rotation of the hand wheel 64 lto effect a single .step mover-nent of the valve strip as above brought'out.

As mentioned before-it forms a feature of this invention to provide means for effecting a ciri when cleaning fluid. is supplied to .the gooseneck, the ball will be'forced into engagement with'the port to close the same. When, however, the supply of cleaning fluid to the goose-neck is ycut olf, the'ball will fall by gravity away from the port70 to permit air to 'enter this port, vas wiil be readily' apparent;

When the blower element'isnot operating to discharge jets of cleaning fluid, the valve'strip mayv be actuated tov uncover the end nozzle of .theflolower,element, -that,is, the nozzle most remote from the blower Ahead, so that air which enters the goose-neck through port 70 will `be compelled to flow entirely through the blower element before it escapes't l`i rough the open discharge opening kof the blower element.;E Ingene. eral, itwill befound that thefurnace draft will,- be sufficient to draw air through the blower elel ment to cool the same, but if sufficient air is not drawn through the element-by the furnace draft,- asuitable blower -of any ydesired character (not.. shown) may be mounted on the goose-neckadja'-,

cent the port 70 therein, to force air. or *any desired cooling fluid through the blower" element and out through the uncovered discharge opening thereof.

In Figure 5 a slightly vmodified form `of actuating mechanism for the valvey` strip iszdisclosed.' In this form of construction. the rodf29i` projects' through the packed bearing 55aof the gooseneck 36a as in the above described form vof con-y struction; Fixed to the projecting .end ofthe rod is a sleeve 75 provided on its outerlperiphery.y

with a plurality of spacedgrooves 76. A handle y7'7 isprovided for the end of the actuating rod,

this handle being fixed to the sleeve ,'75;and to the actuating rod by a suitable cross lpin '78;

one of the ports in the blower element, and the arrangement is such that engagement. of the end of the spring in successive grooves will indicatef successive uncovering of the ports in the blower element according to a predetermined desired sequence. i

In Figure 6 a slightly modified form. of blower elementis disclosed, this `element being desig.` nated by the reference character 85 and being'.

provided with'a valve strip86 similarinlv all respects to` the valve ,strip 26. vIn this formof construction, however, the dischargeopenings 8'7 of the blower element are fitted with nozzles 88 or 89, it being noted that the nozzles 88 lare relatively longrwhile the nozzles 89 are relatively. short. -Thus the character ofthe jets of clean-4;`

ing fluid discharged from the blower element may be regulated, a longnozzle 88v being fixedV to the blower element whenit is desired to direct the jet 'of` cleaning. fiuid a considerable distance. from the blowery elementand a short nozzle 89* being fixed to the' blower element'wherea shorter jet ofcleaning fiuid'is desired.. In this caselthevr nozzles will be successively placed in communie cation with the interior of the4 blower `lelement by a proper actuation of the valve kstrip 86. :The

blower element may be associated withv the head disclosed; in Figure 4, thusy being mounted for rotation or oscillation, or, may be directlyconnected to the cleaning fluid supply pipe and thus be fixed against movement'within. the boiler.

In Figures '7 and 8 a further Vslightly modified form of construction is shown l.as including al blower element 90 similar to the blower element 85 and provided with a. valve strip 91 similarto the valve strip 86. In this form ofk construction nozzles 92- are fixed in the discharge openings 93, these nozzles, however, being all relatively long, as clearlyillustrated. y t

In Figure 8 the blower element shownin Figure 7 is shown in-positionin a boiler, designated l generally by the reference 4character 941, and byfreference to this 'figure itwill be'notedfthat this boiler is provided with a lower wall 95;which is provided in'its upper end with a recess 96 in which the blower element `is mounted. yThis blower element may be provided` with a head provided. stopsyfor limiting movement ofthe blower element to compel an oscillation'` .ofthe same.. Thus when' the blower element is ynot discharging jets of. cleaning fluid, it may bel rocked tothe yposition shown yin full .lines vin- Figure 8, in which position the nozzles .willbe' entirelyv housed within'the recess y96 andthus shielded from the heat of the boiler. When it is desiredvtodischarge cleaning fluid from the blower element, the blower element is rocked .to

move the nozzles upto the dotted lineposition,`

similar to thatdisclcsed in Figure .4, there-being the cam associated'with the head being so de'A signed that cleaning fluid will besupplied to the blower element through a predetermined arc',y

as indicated at 97 in Figure 8. Thus the nozzles? maybe normally shieldedfromv the heat'of the boilervbut may be moved out of the recess in which they are housed and rockedto a termined desired blowing arc.

of .Valve strip is shownrfor controlling Vthe dis-- charge of cleaningfluid through the discharge openings ofthe' blower. element in the manner above brought out. Referring then to theseV figures, the reference character 100 designates a blower element which may be similar in all re.

spects to the blower elements previously described, this blower element being provided with the discharge openings 101 for directing jets of cleaning fluid adjacent the portions of thev boiler to be cleaned. A valve strip 102 providedvwithrports 103 is mounted for longitudinalmovement. within the blower element by means ofthe pins 104l and thus resembles the valve strip'26 and" the mounting of this valve strip within the blower element'.

This form of valve strip differs from that above described in its manner of connection Ato the actuating rod 105, whichxrod is similar `to the rod 29. For connectingy rod 105 tov valve "strip '-1102,iv there isprovided a casting 106 weldedor otherwise secured tothe end-of the valve strip.` 'fIhis casting is provided withthe depending end flange 107V' apertured as at 108 to receive the 'endrofthe rod 105, there being provided nuts 109 and 110;:for .preventing longitudinal movement of they rod through Ythe aperture.V A rod 111 is prefer-A ablywelded or otherwisefixed to vthevvalve strip to.-reinforcenthe yend of the same adjacent its point of connection tothe rod 105, the rodlllV extending from the, end' of the vcasting 106Ito a point adjacent vthe first openingfo'rmed in.' the valve stripas clearly sh'own in Figure 9 ofthe drawings.A

In 'place of .the valve strips above described,"

a valve strip such as disclosed in Figures 11 and 12 may be provided forcontrolling .the flow ofv predee M ...J/.20' .In vFigures 9*,and10v a slightly modied formv cleaning fluid through the discharge openings of the blower elements.' `Referring then izo-'theseV gures vof the drawings, the numeral designates a blower element -whichmay be similar in all respects to any of the Iblower elements pre' viously described. Threaded or Votherwise fixed in the discharge openings 116 of thisblower ele'- ment are nozzles 117, the arrangement being'such that each nozzle has a portion 118 which projects within the vblower element. These base portions* of the nozzles are slotted as at 119 to receive'wa valve strip 120 which is providediwith the spaced.`

ports 121V adaptedto` registerwithl the fpassag'es through the nozzles. f Pins 122 fixed within the blower one sidey of vthe nozzles form guides for the edge of the .valve strip so that the latter is held Within element to` f uit the slots .119,as willibereadily apparent. rIfhus the `vlvegstrlp. will beV heldadjacentv the nozzles byit'sbearing engagement in the .slots in the` bases'. of the nozzlesI and may be moved longitudinally of the blower element `in the same.l

manneras'is the valve strip 26 toplace the nozzles in...coinmunication with the blowervelement in accordance with ar predetermined desired se-I quence. I

elementslabove described, an internal valvedes-v ignated generally'bythe reference character 126.

This valveiincludes aplurality of cylindrical sections 127 whichsnugly fit within the blower ele!- ment-to close the discharge openings 128 `in the blower element. The sections 127 are preferablyy connected by suitable coupling links129,- these of the l llatter.

links being fastened to the adjacent ends of the respective-sections by pins 130.1 i 'i The arrangement'is such that the sections 127 ,are spaced slightly from each other. to provide openings 131 through which cleaning fluid may pass to the `openings 128 'whenever' registration is effected between one of the openings 131`and one of the openings 128. By connecting the sections 127 in the .manner illustrated, a slight movement will be permittedbetween the respective sections so that the entire valve willI be somewhat iiexible and will not bind'upo-n distor tion of the blower elementr incident to the use Thus the `couplings between the sections provide for misalignment of the sections so that the valve may follow the movement of the Ablower element in the event that the latter is `deformed at Vany point throughout its length.

-At its end the valve 126 is provided withthe link- 132 adapted for connection with an actuating. rod 133 which is similar to the actuating rod 29'.. The arrangement is such that the valve 126 i z spaced points throughout the lengthof the blower element.

From the above. it is believed vthatthe invention will beVv clearly apparent. The various mod-iflcationsy disclosed provide `for controlling the discharge of cleaning fluid through the discharge openings ofthe blower element according to' a predetermined desired sequence.: Thus-a single powerful jet of cleaning fluid may be discharged from'the blower eiement at anyone of a plurality `of spaced points, and the valve which controls thisdischarge may be actuated from a point exteriorlyof the boiler. The invention further provides for the utilization of diierent types of discharge nozzles and for the shielding of these nozzles from Ithe heat ofthe 'boiler when the blower-element is not ,operating `to discharge' cleaning fluid.v AIn each form of the invention shown, the arrangement may bev such that the end discharge opening in the blower element will be left open to permit a circulation of a vcooling uidzthrough the element, thus preventing .destruction of the element by the.` heat' of .the

furnace..--. I

.For the sake of for cleanin'gboilers.'` It will be apparent, how--y ever, the kinvention may be'incorporated in devices for cleaning apparatuses similar to boilor claims is .to befconstrued as meaningV a heat transfer apparatus or'fluid heater of any char-- acter and that the term .boiler cleaner is to be' i construed as meaning a cleaner for any such ap- A still .further form which the valve may ase. f sumeis shown in Figuresl. to .1i-inclusive.` By reference to these figures it will be noted paratus.

While the invention has been described'withv considerable detail, it is to be. understood. that the descripti'onis for thepurpose of illustration only and is'not definitive of the'limitsof the inventive idea. The'right is reserved to makesuch changes inthe details of construction and arrangement' of parts as will fall within the purview of theattached claims. l 1 1 f f Y What we claim as our invention is: 1. Ina boiler cleaner, a blower element having a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, a valve strip within'said blower element for controlling the iiow of cleaning fluid ythrough said discharge openings, and pins fixed within `said blower Velement and forming beatings for said valve strip for maintaining the same in position adjacent said discharge openings, each pin engaging opposite edges of said valve strip.

2. In a boiler cleaner, ablower element having a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, yan arcuate shaped valve strip within .said 4blower element for controlling the flow of cleaning fluid through said discharge openings,

and pins forming bearings for the edges of said valve strip,..each pin being fixed to spaced portions of said blower and spanningthe space be'-y tween said spaced portions. Y

3. In a `boiler cleaner., ablower element having a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, means `for supplying a cooling. uid to one end of said blower element, means .for closing all but thev one of said discharge openings most remote from the end through which the cooling fluidis supplied tothe element to compel said cooling uid to -ilow substantially entirely through said blowerelement prior ltofits.'escapeytherefrom through said opendischarge opening 'and-means to prevent the' escape of thecooling-fluidfrom said blower ele-v way of said open Ldischange* ment except by opening.

4. Ina boiler cleaner, a 'blower' element hav` ing a plurality` of dischargeopenings spaced throughout its length, a headlassociated'with one end 'of said blower element, means for'supf plying `a .cooling fluid to said head, means-'for closing all. of` the discharge openings in saidV4 blower element `except that opening most remote from said head to compel the cooling fluidsupplied to .said head to flow suzastantiallyv entirely t with-in said :blower element for controlling the flow of cleaning fluid through said l discharge openingsa-casting xedto one end of said valve strip, .la reinforcing rod bracing said valve strip adjacent said casting, and an .actuating rod for convenience..the invention has as beingincorporated in a device said valve lstrip fixed to said casting'. l f

:6. Ina boiler cleaner, a blower element hav ing a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, nozzles xed in said discharge openings with their base portions projecting into the blowei` element, and a valve strip within said blower element for controlling communication between said blower element and said nozzles, said Valve strip having a bearing within' slots formed in the bases of said nozzles.

7. In a boiler cleaner, a blower element, nozzles fitted in discharge openings formed in said blower element, said nozzles having base portions projecting into said blower element and each base portion being provided with a laterally opening slot, a valve strip movably mounted in the slots in said base portions, and guides carried by said blower element for maintaining said valve strip in said slots. K

8. In a boiler cleaner, a blower element having a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, and means within said blower element for controlling the discharge of cleaning iuid through said discharge openings, said means including an elongated flexible tubular member engaging the inner periphery of said blower element `and having openings adapted for registration with said discharge openings.

9. In a boiler cleaner, a blower element having a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, and means for controlling the iiow of cleaning iluid from within said blower element through said discharge openings, said means including a plurality of tubular members adapted to engage the inner periphery of said blower element, and links iiexibly connecting the end of each tubular member to the adjacent end of the next adjacent tubular member, said links maintaining said tubular members in spaced relation to each other.

10. I n a boiler cleaner, a rotatable blower element having a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, a valve strip within said blowerelement for controlling the'dis'- charge of cleaning uid through saiddischarge openings to limit the discharge from said blower element to one discharge opening at a time, and means for actuating said valve strip including a rod fixed to said valve strip, a rack rotatably journaled on said rod, and a gear engaging said rack for reciprocating said rod.

11. In a boiler cleaner, a blower element providedy with a pluralityr of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, valve means within said blower element for controlling the flow of cleaning iiuicl throughsaid discharge openings, a head for supplying cleaning fluid to said blower element, means associated with said head for rotating the yblower element, a rod xed to' said valve means and projecting through said head, a'rack rotatablyjournaled on said rod but fixed against longitudinal movement with respectv thereto, and means including a pinion supported by said blowerr head and engageable with said rack for reciprocating said rack to actuate said valve.

12. In a boiler cleaner, a blower element having a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, nozzles iixed in said discharge openings, and a valve strip for controlling the discharge of cleaning fluid through said nozzles, said valve strip having a bearing within slots formed in the nozzles.

13. In a boiler cleaner, a blower element having a plurality of discharge openings spaced throughout its length, and means for controlling Vthe discharge of cleaning fluid through said openings, said means including a yplurality of tubular members adapted to close said openings and links ilexibly connecting the end of each tubular member to-the adjacent end of the next tirely through said blower element lpast saidv closed discharge openings and out of said uncovered discharge opening adjacent the closed end of the element during the time cleaning fluid is not being supplied to the blower element.

NORMAN L. SNOW. WILLIS P. THOMAS. 

